Career theory has evolved over recent decades. Classic career theories were grounded in relatively stable organizational contexts with hierarchical career paths and a relatively stable external context. In the 1990s, there was increasing recognition of the emergence of more flexible, dynamic careers, driven by technological disruption, demographic shifts, and the rise of non-traditional work and career paths. This development is still often referred to as the 'new career' paradigm. Career theories (e.g., boundaryless career theory, protean career theory, and social cognitive career theory) and concepts (e.g., career orientations, career competencies, and career self-management) within that paradigm primarily emphasize theorizing how individuals can take charge and successfully navigate volatile career paths.
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