Globally, most children and young people engage in paid employment before they leave education, meaning most people's first experience of work occurs while they are studying. For instance, most school and college students have experience of paid work and cross-national studies show that on average 59% of university students are in paid employment. Recent surveys indicate that over half of working students in the UK work over 15 hours a week, with US studies showing a significant minority working over 35 hours per week. This is partly driven by labour market fragmentation and the growing demand for cheap part-time labour, as well as the rising cost of living and neoliberal funding reforms to post-compulsory education. 'Employability' agendas within education also encourage the accumulation of work 'experience' as a way to improve future employment outcomes. Meanwhile, 'work-based learning' is mandatory on vocational programmes, apprenticeships, or professional degrees such as nursing or social work, and conceived as 'constrained labour' in Chinese context. Work therefore plays an integral and growing role in the lives of many students, providing the earliest socialisation into…
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