Universities are increasingly expected to act as entrepreneurial institutions that create value beyond teaching and research through entrepreneurship education, knowledge exchange, technology transfer, academic spin-offs, and wider ecosystem engagement. However, the mechanisms through which these activities generate economic and societal value remain insufficiently understood, particularly across the full pathway from capability formation to third-mission and regional impact. Existing research often examines entrepreneurship education, academic entrepreneurship, university-industry-society collaboration, and ecosystem development in relative isolation, while practice still relies heavily on narrow indicators such as patents, licences, spin-off counts, or commercialisation income.
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